Alexandria Archaeology Bibliography
If you know of additional titles, please contact us so that they may be added to the bibliography. In an attempt to bring the so-called “gray literature” to light, many of the archaeological reports listed below are available for download as PDFs.
Notes for Researchers:
- We remind researchers of their browser’s search function to find specific reports. We suggest searching for site/project names like, for example, “Bruin Slave Jail” and “Christ Church,” historic identifiers such as “American Indian” and “Civil War,” and street names.
- Titles without attached PDFs may be read, by appointment, at the Museum. Alexandria Archaeology Publications, a series of booklets and manuscripts published by the Museum, and photocopies of archaeological reports may be ordered for a fee by contacting the Museum.
- Researchers should take into consideration that the breadth of this bibliography led to the inclusion of a number of outdated entries that do not reflect contemporary scholarship. Also, for those reports involving prehistory, it should be noted that the date ranges for the three traditional American Indian cultural periods (Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Woodland) vary in the reports. Archaeologists continue to develop a regional framework as new finds are made and thus further refine the date ranges. Alexandria Archaeology employs the following timeline: Paleo-Indian circa 11,000 - 7,500 BC, Archaic circa 7,500 - 1,000 BC, and Woodland circa 1,000 BC - 1600 AD.
Author Index
Topical Listing
This is a topical listing of reports on archaeology in Alexandria, Virginia. Below each topic is a list of associated sites/projects. If a Virginia site registration number exists for a project, then it, too, is listed. Simply click on a report to go to its precise entry on the
Alexandria Archaeology Bibliography. The bibliography also includes some historical and architectural studies, books and journal articles.
African American
- Alfred Street Baptist Church/”The Bottoms” Neighborhood, 44AX161: Walker 1992
- Bruin Slave Jail, 44AX172: Kraus 2010
- Bush Hill, 44AX111: Gardner 1999 and Gardner 2002
Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery, AX179: Sipe 2014 and Appendices. (Contact Alexandria Archaeology Museum to view report.)
- “The Fort” Neighborhood/Fort Ward Historical Park, Old Grave Yard, 44AX90 and 153: Lowry 2009
- Fort Ward Historical Park, 2010-2011 Archaeological Investigations: Bodor 2011
- Franklin and Armfield Slave Pen/Alexandria Hospital, 44AX75: Artemel 1987
- Harriet Williams, 112-114 S. St. Asaph Street, 44AX1: Iacobelli 2006
- “The Hump” Neighborhood/James Bland Homes/Parker-Gray Historic District, 44AX211 and 212: Sipe 2010 Archaeological Evaluation; Sipe 2010 Documentary Study
- L’Ouverture Hospital/Shiloh Baptist Church: Traum 2007
- Mark Center, slave or tenant house, 44AX162: Adams 1994
- 1333 Powhatan Street: Dutton and Friedberg 2014
- Silver Leaf (Colored) Black Baptist Cemetery/African American Heritage Park/Carlyle Project, 44AX136: Anderson 1992
American Indian
- Alexandria Federal Courthouse, 44AX164: Pappas 1991 and Walker 1993
- Bloxham Cemetery/Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project/Alexandria Business Center/Witter Street Recreation Complex, 44AX127 and 128 (1993 investigation): Petraglia 1993
- Bloxham Cemetery/Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project/Alexandria Business Center/Witter Street Recreation Complex, 44AX127 and 128 (2004 investigation): Parson 2004
- Bryan Property/King’s Cloister: Ziegler 1998
- Mark Center/Winkler Botanical Preserve, 44AX162 and 163: Adams 1994
- Mark Center/Winkler Tract, 44AX124: Pfanstiehl 1988
- Mark Center VI (Area A), Buildings 2A, 2B, and 3 (Area B), 44AX205: Ferland 2009
- Mount Ida/North Ridge Neighborhood/Colonial Park, First Addition, 44AX168: Koski-Karrell 1993
- Stonegate Parcels A, B, and D, 44AX31, 166, and 167: Adams 1993
- Stonegate Parcels A, B, and D (storm drain investigation): Adams 1993
- Stonegate Parcel C (1996 investigation): Adams 1996
- Stonegate Parcel C, 44AX177 (1995 Phase II investigation): Gardner 1995
- Stonegate Parcel C, 44AX176 and 177 (1995 Phase III investigation): Gardner 1995
Brewery
- Robert Portner Brewing Company, 44AX196: Parsons Engineering Science 2002
Robert Portner and his Brewing Company , Timothy J. Dennée, 2010.
- Shuter’s Hill Brewery/Klein’s Brewery/Englehardt’s Brewery/Carlyle Project Area II-B, 44AX35: Walker 1996
Cemetery
- Bloxham Cemetery/Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project/Alexandria Business Center/Witter Street Recreation Complex, 44AX127 and 128 (1989 preliminary investigation): Pfanstiehl and Otter 1989
- Bloxham Cemetery/Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project/Alexandria Business Center Areas A and X/Witter Street Recreation Complex, 44AX127 and 128 (1989 Phase II investigation): Pfanstiehl and Heston 1989
- Bloxham Cemetery/Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project/Alexandria Business Center/Witter Street Recreation Complex, 44AX127 and 128 (1993 investigation): Petraglia 1993
- Bloxham Cemetery/Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project/Alexandria Business Center/Witter Street Recreation Complex, 44AX127 and 128 (2004 investigation): Parson 2004
- Christ Church, 44AX88: John Milner 1979
- Christ Church Churchyard Wall, 44AX88: John Milner 1978
- Christ Church Churchyard Wall Reconstruction, 44AX88: Clem 2002 and Gardner 2000 and Ward 2000
- Christ Church Wheelchair Ramp Construction, 44AX88: LeeDecker 2008
- Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery, AX179: Sipe 2014 and Appendices. (Contact Alexandria Archaeology Museum to view report.)
- “The Fort” Neighborhood/Fort Ward Historical Park, Old Grave Yard, 44AX90 and 153: Lowry 2009
- Fort Ward Historical Park, 2010-2011 Archaeological Investigations: Bodor 2011
- Potomac Yard/Potomac Yard Center: Adams 1996
- Silver Leaf (Colored) Black Baptist Cemetery/African American Heritage Park/Carlyle Project, 44AX136: Anderson 1992
- St. Mary's and Freedmen's Cemeteries, monitoring: Koziarski 2017
- West Family Cemetery, 44AX183: Williams 2004
Church/Seminary
- Alfred Street Baptist Church/”The Bottoms” Neighborhood, 44AX161: Walker 1992
- Christ Church, 44AX88: John Milner 1979
- Christ Church Churchyard Wall, 44AX88: John Milner 1978
- Christ Church Churchyard Wall Reconstruction, 44AX88: Clem 2002, Gardner 2000 and Ward 2000
- Christ Church Wheelchair Ramp Construction, 44AX88: LeeDecker 2008
- First Baptist Church: Gardner 1997
- 333 N. Royal Street, possible Catholic place of worship: Goode and Traum 2013
- Virginia Theological Seminary, Aspinwall Hall: Hill 2009, Levinthal 2009 and Papson 2009
Civil War
- Battery Heights, 44AX186: Fiedel 2001
- Bontz Site/West End Village, United States Military Railroad Complex, 44AX103 and 105 (1989 Phase II investigation): Cromwell 1989
- Bontz Site/West End Village, Spring Garden Farms/United States Military Railroad Complex, 44AX103 and 105 (1989 Phase III investigation): Cromwell and Hills 1989
- Bush Hill, 44AX111: Gardner 1999 and Gardner 2002
- Calvert Custom Homes: Walters 2008
- Episcopal High School Faculty Housing, 44AX200: Balicki 2006
- Fannon Petroleum Fuel Company (2007 investigation): Bryant 2007
- Fort Ward, 44AX90: Larrabee 1961
- Franklin and Armfield Slave Pen/Alexandria Hospital, 44AX75: Artemel 1987
- 1400 Janney’s Lane, 44AX191: Jirikowic 2004
- Keith’s Wharf/Battery Cove/Ford’s Landing/”Old Ford Plant,” 44AX119: Artemel 1988 and Cheek 1986 and Engineering-Science 1993
- L’Ouverture Hospital/Shiloh Baptist Church: Traum 2007
- 1226 North Pegram Street, 44AX198: Balicki 2008
- Potomac Yard: Walker 1989
- Potomac Yard/Potomac Yard Center: Adams 1996
- Potomac Yard/Townes at Slater’s Village: Cheek 1996
- 206 North Quaker Lane, 44AX193: Jirikowic 2004
- Quaker Ridge, 44AX195: Balicki 2005
- Spring Garden/Old Town Village (1999 investigation): Gardner 1999
- Spring Garden/Southern Plaza/Old Town Village (1988 investigation): Seifert 1988
- Stonegate Parcel C (1996 investigation): Adams 1996
- Virginia Theological Seminary, Aspinwall Hall: Hill 2009 and Papson 2009
- Virginia Theological Seminary Faculty Housing, 44AX173a: Embrey 2005
- Weicking Property: Straka 2006
Commercial/Industrial
- Alexandria Federal Courthouse, 44AX164: Pappas 1991 and Walker 1993
- Bontz Site/West End Village, Spring Garden Farms/United States Military Railroad Complex, 44AX103 and 105 (1989 Phase III investigation): Cromwell and Hills 1989
- Breweries and Bottling Companies in the Washington Area: Ketz 1990
- Corbett and O’Neal Brickyard/Gunston Hall Apartments: Soldo 2005
- Duke Street Tannery/Marriott Residence Inn, 44AX188: Balicki 2001 and Seifert 2000
- Fitzgerald’s Wharf, 44AX146: Hurst 2000
- Keith’s Wharf/Battery Cove/Ford’s Landing/”Old Ford Plant,” 44AX119: Artemel 1988 and Cheek 1986 and Engineering-Science 1993
- Keith’s Wharf/Battery Cove/Ford’s Landing/”Old Ford Plant,” 44AX119 (architectural assessment): John Cullinane Associates 1988
- Maritime Alexandria: An Evaluation of Submerged Cultural Resource Potentials at Alexandria, Virginia: Shomette 1985
- Moore-McLean Sugar House, 44AX96: Koski-Karrell 2002
- Mutual Ice Plant (Braddock Gateway, 1200 N. Fayette): Sipe and Rotenstein 2011
- Roberdeau’s Wharf/Harborside, 44AX114: Knepper 1989
- Stabler-Leadbeater Apothecary Shop, 44AX44: Morton 1984
- Virginia Glass Company/Carlyle Project Block D, 44AX181: Pfanstiehl 1999
- Whole Foods/Royalton Project, 44AX190: LeeDecker 2004 and Paonessa 2003
Hospital
- Circle Terrace Hospital: Otter 1994
- Franklin and Armfield Slave Pen/Alexandria Hospital, 44AX75: Artemel 1987
- L’Ouverture Hospital/Shiloh Baptist Church: Traum 2007
- Quaker Ridge, 44AX195: Balicki 2005
Mill
- Bloxham Cemetery/Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project/Alexandria Business Center/Witter Street Recreation Complex, 44AX127 and 128 (1989 preliminary investigation): Pfanstiehl and Otter 1989
- Cameron Mills, Cameron Farm, 44AX112 and 182: Williams 2005
- Phoenix Mill, Wheeler Road: Williams 2017
Miscellaneous
- Cameron Run/Eisenhower Avenue Valley: Louis Berger 1989
- Carlyle Project Area A: Alexandria Archaeology 1994
- Dash Bus Facility: Wagner 2006
- 1100–1900 Duke Street Road Widening: Cheek 1986
- Health Department (Documentary Study): Moon 2014
- 900 King Street, 44AX113: Westover 1990
- 1514–1524 King Street, 1600 and 1602 King Street, 1600 Dechantal Street, 44AX202: Mullen 2009
- 1604–1614 King Street: Kreisa 2007
- Lynn House, 44AX152: Boyd 1991
- Mark Center/Winkler Botanical Preserve Upper and Lower Ponds: Adams 1991
- 1333 Powhatan Street: Dutton and Friedberg 2014
- Quaker Village, 44AX118: Daugherty 1989
- 333 N. Royal Street, possible Catholic place of worship: Goode and Traum 2013
- United States Postal Service Memorial Station Branch: Williams 2003
- 3510–3618 Wheeler Avenue: Balicki 2008
- 325 South Whiting Street: O'Donnell 2005
Old Town
- Alfred Street Baptist Church/”The Bottoms” Neighborhood, 44AX161: Walker 1992
- Carlyle House, 44AX3: Fauber 1980 and Tolson 1980 (Archaeology)
- Christ Church, 44AX88: John Milner 1979
- Christ Church Churchyard Wall, 44AX88: John Milner 1978
- Christ Church Churchyard Wall Reconstruction, 44AX88: Clem 2002 and Gardner 2000 and Ward 2000
- Christ Church Wheelchair Ramp Construction, 44AX88: LeeDecker 2008
- Corbett and O’Neal Brickyard/Gunston Hall Apartments: Soldo 2005
- Elliott House, 44AX192: Jirikowic 2004
- Fannon Petroleum Fuel Company (2007 investigation): Bryant 2007
- Fannon Petroleum Fuel Company (2008 investigation): Johnson 2008
- Fitzgerald’s Wharf, 44AX146: Hurst 2000
- Franklin and Armfield Slave Pen/Alexandria Hospital, 44AX75: Artemel 1987
- Gadsby’s Tavern, 44AX2: Foss 1974
- Historic Photographic Documentation of the Southern R&R [sic] Roundhouse: Brown 1994
- “The Hump” Neighborhood/James Bland Homes/Parker-Gray Historic District, 44AX211 and 212: Sipe 2010 Archaeological Evaluation and Sipe 2010 Documentary Study
- James Bland Development Project (Blocks 3 and 4): Smith 2013
- Keith’s Wharf/Battery Cove/Ford’s Landing/”Old Ford Plant,” 44AX119: Artemel 1988 and Cheek 1986 and Engineering-Science 1993
- Keith’s Wharf/Battery Cove/Ford’s Landing/”Old Ford Plant,” 44AX119 (architectural assessment): John Cullinane Associates 1988
- 118 King Street: Gardner 2001
- 900 King Street, 44AX113: Westover 1990
- 1514–1524 King Street, 1600 and 1602 King Street, 1600 Dechantal Street, 44AX202: Mullen 2009
- 1604–1614 King Street: Kreisa 2007
- Lloyd House, 44AX34: Doell & Doell 1990
- L’Ouverture Hospital/Shiloh Baptist Church: Traum 2007
- Maritime Alexandria: An Evaluation of Submerged Cultural Resource Potentials at Alexandria, Virginia: Shomette 1985
- Moore-McLean Sugar House, 44AX96: Koski-Karrell 2002
- Roberdeau’s Wharf/Harborside, 44AX114: Knepper 1989
- Robert Portner Brewing Company, 44AX196: Parsons Engineering Science 2002
- 333 N. Royal Street, possible Catholic place of worship: Goode and Traum 2013
- Spring Garden/Old Town Village (1999 investigation): Gardner 1999
- Spring Garden/Southern Plaza/Old Town Village (1988 investigation): Seifert 1988
- Stabler-Leadbeater Apothecary Shop, 44AX44: Morton 1984
- Waterfront: Watts 1986
Rural Life
- Alexandria Federal Courthouse, 44AX164: Pappas 1991 and Walker 1993
- Bontz Site/West End Village, United States Military Railroad Complex, 44AX103 and 105 (1989 Phase II investigation): Cromwell 1989
- Bontz Site/West End Village, Spring Garden Farms/United States Military Railroad Complex, 44AX103 and 105 (1989 Phase III investigation): Cromwell and Hills 1989
- Bryan Property/King’s Cloister: Ziegler 1998
- Bush Hill, 44AX111: Gardner 1999 and Gardner 2002
- Cameron Mills, Cameron Farm, 44AX112 and 182: Williams 2005
- Circle Terrace Hospital: Otter 1994
- Fannon Petroleum Fuel Company (2008 investigation): Johnson 2008
- Fox Haven Development: Ward 1999
- 1400 Janney’s Lane, 44AX191: Jirikowic 2004
- 2915 King Street, 44AX122: Engineering-Science 1989
- Mark Center/Winkler Botanical Preserve, 44AX162 and 163: Adams 1994
- Mount Ida/North Ridge Neighborhood/Colonial Park, First Addition, 44AX168: Koski-Karrell 1993
- 1226 North Pegram Street, 44AX198: Balicki 2008
- Potomac Yard: Walker 1989
- Potomac Yard/Potomac Yard Center: Adams 1996
- Potomac Yard/Townes at Slater’s Village: Cheek 1996
- Seminary Overlook: Mullen and Carroll 2014
- Spring Garden/Old Town Village (1999 investigation): Gardner 1999
- Spring Garden/Southern Plaza/Old Town Village (1988 investigation): Seifert 1988
- Stonegate Parcels A, B, and D, 44AX31, 166, and 167: Adams 1993
- Stonegate Parcel C (1996 investigation): Adams 1996
- Stonegate Parcel C, 44AX177 (1995 Phase II investigation): Gardner 1995
- Stonegate Parcel C, 44AX177 (1996 Phase III investigation): Gardner 1996
- Van Dorn Street Metro Station, 44AX178: Gardner 1996
- Whole Foods/Royalton Project, 44AX190: LeeDecker 2004 and Paonessa 2003
Tavern
- Alexandria Federal Courthouse, 44AX164: Pappas 1991 and Walker 1993
- Gadsby’s Tavern, 44AX2: Foss 1974
- Shuter’s Hill Brewery/Klein’s Brewery/Englehardt’s Brewery/Carlyle Project Area II-B, 44AX35: Walker 1996
Transportation
- Alexandria Union Station: Cox 1995
- Bloxham Cemetery/Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project/Alexandria Business Center/Witter Street Recreation Complex, 44AX127 and 128 (1989 preliminary investigation): Pfanstiehl and Otter 1989
- Bloxham Cemetery/Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project/Alexandria Business Center Areas A and X/Witter Street Recreation Complex, 44AX127 and 128 (1989 Phase II investigation): Pfanstiehl and Heston 1989
- Bontz Site/West End Village, United States Military Railroad Complex, 44AX103 and 105 (1989 Phase II investigation): Cromwell 1989
- Bontz Site/West End Village, Spring Garden Farms/United States Military Railroad Complex, 44AX103 and 105 (1989 Phase III investigation): Cromwell and Hills 1989
- Bush Hill, 44AX111: Gardner 1999 and Gardner 2002
- Eisenhower Avenue Earthwork Site/Van Dorn Street Metro Station, 44AX54: Louis Berger 1984
- Fannon Petroleum Fuel Company (2007 investigation): Bryant 2007
- Historic Photographic Documentation of the Southern R&R [sic] Roundhouse: Brown 1994
- Keith’s Wharf/Battery Cove/Ford’s Landing/”Old Ford Plant,” 44AX119: Artemel 1988 and Cheek 1986 and Engineering-Science 1993
- Potomac Yard: Walker 1989
- Potomac Yard/Potomac Yard Center: Adams 1996
- Potomac Yard/Townes at Slater’s Village: Cheek 1996
- Roberdeau’s Wharf/Harborside, 44AX114: Knepper 1989
- Spring Garden/Old Town Village (1999 investigation): Gardner 1999
- Spring Garden/Southern Plaza/Old Town Village (1988 investigation): Seifert 1988
- United States Patent and Trademark Office/Carlyle Project Block F, 44AX189: Williams 2002
- Van Dorn Street Metro Station, 44AX178: Gardner 1996
Urban Life
- Carlyle House, 44AX3: Fauber 1980 and Tolson 1980 (Archaeology)
- Elliott House, 44AX192: Jirikowic 2004
- Health Department (Documentary Study): Moon 2014
- “The Hump” Neighborhood/James Bland Homes/Parker-Gray Historic District, 44AX211 and 212: Sipe 2010 Archaeological Evaluation and Sipe 2010 Documentary Study
- James Bland Development Project (Blocks 3 and 4): Smith 2013
- Lloyd House, 44AX34: Doell & Doell 1990
- Moore-McLean Sugar House, 44AX96: Koski-Karrell 2002
Waterfront
- Fitzgerald’s Wharf, 44AX146: Hurst 2000
- Keith’s Wharf/Battery Cove/Ford’s Landing/”Old Ford Plant,” 44AX119: Artemel 1988 and Cheek 1986 and Engineering-Science 1993
- Keith’s Wharf/Battery Cove/Ford’s Landing/”Old Ford Plant,” 44AX119 (architectural assessment): John Cullinane Associates 1988
- 118 King Street: Gardner 2001
- Maritime Alexandria: An Evaluation of Submerged Cultural Resource Potentials at Alexandria, Virginia: Shomette 1985
- Roberdeau’s Wharf/Harborside, 44AX114: Knepper 1989
- Waterfront: Archaeological Survey Watts 1986
Other Online Resources:
West End
- Eisenhower Avenue Earthwork Site/Van Dorn Street Metro Station, 44AX54: Louis Berger 1984
- Fort Ward, 44AX90: Larrabee 1961
- Lynn House, 44AX152: Boyd 1991
- Mark Center/Winkler Botanical Preserve Upper and Lower Ponds: Adams 1991
- Mark Center/Winkler Botanical Preserve, 44AX162 and 163: Adams 1994
- Mark Center/Winkler Tract, 44AX124: Pfanstiehl 1988
- Mark Center VI (Area A), Buildings 2A, 2B, and 3 (Area B), 44AX205: Ferland 2009
- 206 North Quaker Lane, 44AX193: Jirikowic 2004
- Quaker Ridge, 44AX195: Balicki 2005
- Stonegate Parcels A, B, and D, 44AX31, 166, and 167: Adams 1993
- Stonegate Parcels A, B, and D (storm drain investigation): Adams 1993
- Stonegate Parcel C (1996 investigation): Adams 1996
- Stonegate Parcel C, 44AX177 (1995 Phase II investigation): Gardner 1995
- Stonegate Parcel C, 44AX176 and 177 (1995 Phase III investigation): Gardner 1995
- Van Dorn Street Metro Station, 44AX178: Gardner 1996
- Virginia Theological Seminary, Aspinwall Hall: Hill 2009, Levinthal 2009 and Papson 2009
West End Village, Historic
- Alexandria Federal Courthouse, 44AX164: Pappas 1991 and Walker 1993
- Bontz Site/West End Village, United States Military Railroad Complex, 44AX103 and 105 (1989 Phase II investigation): Cromwell 1989
- Bontz Site/West End Village, Spring Garden Farms/United States Military Railroad Complex, 44AX103 and 105 (1989 Phase III investigation): Cromwell and Hills 1989
- Bruin Slave Jail, 44AX172: Kraus 2010
- Cameron Mills, Cameron Farm, 44AX112 and 182: Williams 2005
- Cameron Run/Eisenhower Avenue Valley: Louis Berger 1989
- Carlyle Project Area A: Alexandria Archaeology 1994
- 1100–1900 Duke Street Road Widening: Cheek 1986
- Duke Street Tannery/Marriott Residence Inn, 44AX188: Balicki 2001 and Seifert 2000
- 1620 Prince Street: Mullen, Carroll and Wagner 2013
- Shuter’s Hill Brewery/Klein’s Brewery/Englehardt’s Brewery/Carlyle Project Area II-B, 44AX35: Walker 1996
- United States Patent and Trademark Office/Carlyle Project Block F, 44AX189: Williams 2002
- United States Postal Service Memorial Station Branch: Williams 2003
- Virginia Glass Company/Carlyle Project Block D, 44AX181: Pfanstiehl 1999
- West End Village/Carlyle Project: Schweigert 1998
- West Family Cemetery, 44AX183: Williams 2004
- Whole Foods/Royalton Project, 44AX190: LeeDecker 2004 and Paonessa 2003
World War II
- Clermont Avenue Interchange Louis Berger 1991
- Health Department (Documentary Study): Moon 2014
- Washington Quartermaster Depot/Cameron Station/Clermont Avenue Interchange, 44AX158: KFS Historic Preservation Group 1992 and Louis Berger 1991 and Ziegler 1998